Publications

REACH Publications

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Publications resulting from REACH funding include:

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Adam Quirk D, Johnson ME, Anderson DE, Smuck M, Sun R, Matthew R, Bailey J, Marras WS, Bell KM, Darwin J, Bowden AE. Biomechanical Phenotyping of Chronic Low Back Pain: Protocol for BACPAC. Pain Med. 2022 Oct 31:pnac163. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnac163. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36315101.

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Alter BJ, Aung MS, Strigo IA, Fields HL. Onset hyperalgesia and offset analgesia: Transient increases or decreases of noxious thermal stimulus intensity robustly modulate subsequent perceived pain intensity. PLoS One. 2020 Dec 8;15(12):e0231124. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231124. eCollection 2020. PMID: 33290407.

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Anderson, P. et al. (2024). Bridging Domains in Chronic Lower Back Pain: Large Language Models and Ontology-Driven Strategies for Knowledge Graph Construction. In: Rojas, I., Ortuño, F., Rojas, F., Herrera, L.J., Valenzuela, O. (eds) Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IWBBIO 2024. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 14849. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64636-2_2

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Ballatori AM, Shahrestani S, Nyayapati P, Agarwal V, Krug R, Han M, Fields AJ, O'Neill C, Demir-Deviren S, Lotz JC, Bailey JF. Influence of patient-specific factors when comparing multifidus fat infiltration between chronic low back pain patients and asymptomatic controls. JOR Spine. 2022 Jul 14;5(4):e1217. doi: 10.1002/jsp2.1217. PMID: 36601370; PMCID: PMC9799081.

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Batorsky A, Bowden AE, Darwin J, Fields AJ, Greco CM, Harris RE, Hue TF, Kakyomya J, Mehling W, O'Neill C, Patterson CG, Piva SR, Sollmann N, Toups V, Wasan AD, Wasserman R, Williams DA, Vo NV, Psioda MA, McCumber M. The BACPAC Research Program Data Harmonization: Rationale for Data Elements and Standards. Pain Med. 2023 Jan 31:pnad008. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnad008. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36721327.

 

Bonnheim NB, Lazar AA, Kumar A, Akkaya Z, Zhou J, Guo X, O'Neill C, Link TM, Lotz JC, Krug R, Fields AJ. ISSLS Prize in Bioengineering Science 2023: Age- and sex-related differences in lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration between patients with chronic low back pain and asymptomatic controls. Eur Spine J. 2023 May;32(5):1517-1524. doi: 10.1007/s00586-023-07542-6. Epub 2023 Feb 18. PMID: 36805320; PMCID: PMC10205694.

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Bonnheim NB, Wang L, Lazar AA, Chachad R, Zhou J, Guo X, O’Neill C, Castellanos J, Du J, Jang H, Krug R, Fields AJ. Deep-learning-based biomarker of spinal cartilage endplate health using ultra-short echo time magnetic resonance imaging. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2023;13(5):2807-2821.

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Bonnheim NB, Wang L, Lazar AA, Zhou J, Chachad R, Sollmann N, Guo X, Iriondo C, O'Neill C, Lotz JC, Link TM, Krug R, Fields AJ. The contributions of cartilage endplate composition and vertebral bone marrow fat to intervertebral disc degeneration in patients with chronic low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2022 Jul;31(7):1866-1872. doi: 10.1007/s00586-022-07206-x. Epub 2022 Apr 20. PMCID: PMC9252939.

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Chau A, Steib S, Whitaker E, Kohns D, Quinter A, Craig A, Chiodo A, Chandran S, Laidlaw A, Schott Z, Farlow N, Yarjanian J, Omwanghe A, Wasserman R, O'Neill C, Clauw D, Bowden A, Marras W, Carey T, Mehling W, Hunt A, Lotz J. Theoretical Schemas to Guide BACPAC Chronic Low Back Pain Clinical Research. Pain Med. 2022 Dec 23:pnac196. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnac196. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36562563.

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Dudli S, Ballatori A, Bay-Jensen AC, McCormick ZL, O'Neill CW, Demir-Deviren S, Krug R, Heggli I, Juengel A, Karppinen J, Brunner F, Farshad M, Distler O, Lotz JC, Fields AJ. Serum Biomarkers for Connective Tissue and Basement Membrane Remodeling are Associated with Vertebral Endplate Bone Marrow Lesions as Seen on MRI (Modic Changes). Int J Mol Sci. 2020 May 27;21(11):3791. doi: 10.3390/ijms21113791. PMID: 32471173; PMCID: PMC7312719.

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Fields AJ, Ballatori A, Han M, Bailey JF, McCormick ZL, O'Neill CW, Demir-Deviren S, Krug R, Lotz JC. Measurement of vertebral endplate bone marrow lesion (Modic change) composition with water-fat MRI and relationship to patient-reported outcome measures. Eur Spine J. 2021 Sep;30(9):2549-2556. doi: 10.1007/s00586-021-06738-y. Epub 2021 Feb 6. PMID: 33547944; PMCID: PMC8697722.

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Fields AJ, Dudli S, Schrepf A, Kim A, Pham B, Gallego E, Mendoza S, Meropol SB, Darwin J, Sowa G, Vo NV. Protocol for Biospecimen Collection and Analysis within the BACPAC Research Program. Pain Med. 2022 Dec 16:pnac197. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnac197. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36525387.

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Garcia Guerra S, Spadoni A, Mitchell J, Strigo IA. Pain-related opioidergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission: Dual meta-Analyses of PET radioligand studies. Brain Res. 2023 Apr 15;1805:148268. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148268. Epub 2023 Feb 6. PMID: 36754138. 

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Greco CM, Wasan AD, Schneider MJ, Mehling W, Williams DA, Darwin J, Harte SE. Biobehavioral Assessments in BACPAC: Recommendations, Rationale, and Methods. Pain Med. 2022 Nov 12:pnac175. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnac175. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36370080.

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Halvorson RT, Torres-Espin A, Callahan M, Tay B, O'Neill C, Berven S, Lotz JC, Bailey JF. Multi-domain biopsychosocial postoperative recovery trajectories associate with patient outcomes following lumbar fusion. Eur Spine J. 2023 Apr;32(4):1429-1436. doi: 10.1007/s00586-023-07572-0. Epub 2023 Mar 6. PMID: 36877367.

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Heggli I, Epprecht S, Juengel A, Schuepbach R, Farshad-Amacker N, German C, Mengis T, Herger N, Straumann L, Baumgartner S, Betz M, Spirig JM, Wanivenhaus F, Ulrich N, Bellut D, Brunner F, Farshad M, Distler O, Dudli S. Pro-fibrotic phenotype of bone marrow stromal cells in Modic type 1 changes. Eur Cell Mater. 2021 Jun 8;41:648-667. doi: 10.22203/eCM.v041a42. PMID: 34101158.

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Hue TF, Lotz JC, Zheng P, Black DM, Bailey J, Ewing SK, Fields AJ, Mehling W, Scheffler A, Strigo I, Petterson T, Wu LA, O'Neill C; UCSF REACH Center, the CoRe CEnter for PAtient-Centric Mechanistic PHenotyping in Chronic Low Back Pain. Design of the COMEBACK and BACKHOME Studies, Longitudinal Cohorts for Comprehensive Deep Phenotyping of Adults with Chronic Low-Back Pain (cLBP): a part of the BACPAC Research Program. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2024 Apr 12:2024.04.09.24305574. doi: 10.1101/2024.04.09.24305574. PMID: 38645207; PMCID: PMC11030474.

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Huie JR, Vashisht R, Galivanche A, Hadjadj C, Morshed S, Butte AJ, Ferguson AR, O'Neill C. Toward a causal model of chronic back pain: Challenges and opportunities. Front Comput Neurosci. 2023 Jan 11;16:1017412. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2022.1017412. PMID: 36714527; PMCID: PMC9874096.

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Keller AV, Torres-Espin A, Peterson TA, Booker J, O'Neill C, Lotz JC, Bailey JF, Ferguson AR, Matthew RP. Unsupervised Machine Learning on Motion Capture Data Uncovers Movement Strategies in Low Back Pain. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022 Apr 14;10:868684. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.868684. PMCID: PMC9047543.

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Khattab K, Dziesinski LK, Crawford R, Ballatori A, Nyayapati P, Krug R, Fields A, O'Neill CW, Lotz JC, Bailey JF. Spatial distribution of fat infiltration within the paraspinal muscles: implications for chronic low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2022 Jul 1. doi: 10.1007/s00586-022-07296-7. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35776179.

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Lituiev DS, Lacar B, Pak S, Abramowitsch PL, De Marchis EH, Peterson TA. Automatic extraction of social determinants of health from medical notes of chronic lower back pain patients. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2023 Jul 19;30(8):1438-1447. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocad054. PMID: 37080559; PMCID: PMC10354762.

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Lotz JC, Ropella G, Anderson P, Yang Q, Hedderich MA, Bailey J, Hunt CA. An exploration of knowledge-organizing technologies to advance transdisciplinary back pain research. JOR Spine. 2023 Nov 29;6(4):e1300. doi: 10.1002/jsp2.1300. PMID: 38156063; PMCID: PMC10751978.

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Lui A, Park C, Chryssikos T, Radabaugh H, Patel A, Aabedi AA, Ferguson AR, Torres Espin A, Mummaneni PV, Dhall SS, Duong-Fernandez X, Saigal R, Chou A, Pan J, Singh V, Hemmerle DD, Kyritsis N, Talbott JF, Pascual LU, Huie JR, Whetstone WD, Bresnahan JC, Beattie MS, Weinstein PR, Manley GT, DiGiorgio AM. Safety and comparative efficacy of initiating low-molecular-weight heparin within 24 hours of injury or surgery for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients with spinal cord injury: a prospective TRACK-SCI registry study. Neurosurg Focus. 2023 Oct;55(4):E17. doi: 10.3171/2023.7.FOCUS23362. PMID: 37778033.

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Mauck MC, Aylward AF, Barton CE, Birckhead B, Carey T, Dalton DM, Fields AJ, Fritz J, Hassett AL, Hoffmeyer A, Jones SB, McLean SA, Mehling WE, O'Neill CW, Schneider MJ, Williams DA, Zheng P, Wasan AD. Evidence-based interventions to treat chronic low back pain: treatment selection for a personalized medicine approach. Pain Rep. 2022 Sep 30;7(5):e1019. doi: 10.1097/PR9.0000000000001019. PMID: 36203645; PMCID: PMC9529058.

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Mauck MC, Lotz J, Psioda MA, Carey TS, Clauw DJ, Majumdar S, Marras WS, Vo N, Aylward A, Hoffmeyer A, Zheng P, Ivanova A, McCumber M, Carson C, Anstrom KJ, Bowden AE, Dalton D, Derr L, Dufour J, Fields AJ, Fritz J, Hassett AL, Harte SE, Hue TF, Krug R, Loggia ML, Mageswaran P, McLean SA, Mitchell UH, O'Neill C, Pedoia V, Quirk DA, Rhon DI, Rieke V, Shah L, Sowa G, Spiegel B, Wasan AD, Wey HM, LaVange L. The Back Pain Consortium (BACPAC) Research Program: Structure, Research Priorities, and Methods. Pain Med. 2023 Jan 9:pnac202. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnac202. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36622041.

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McSweeney TP, Tiulpin A, Saarakkala S, Niinimäki J, Windsor R, Jamaludin A, Kadir T, Karppinen J, Määttä J. External Validation of SpineNet, an Open-Source Deep Learning Model for Grading Lumbar Disk Degeneration MRI Features, Using the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2023 Apr 1;48(7):484-491. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000004572. Epub 2022 Dec 30. PMID: 36728678; PMCID: PMC9990601.

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Mehling WE, Strigo IA, Goldman V, Hartogensis W, Adler SR, Lotz J, Hecht FM. Mind your pain: A single-arm feasibility study to assess a smartphone-based interoceptive attention training for patients with chronic low back pain. PLoS One. 2024 Oct 24;19(10):e0307690. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307690. PMID: 39446767; PMCID: PMC11500934.

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Murphy JL, Palyo SA, Schmidt ZS, Hollrah LN, Banou E, Van Keuren CP, Strigo IA. The Resurrection of Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation: Outcomes Across a Veterans Affairs Collaborative. Pain Med. 2021 Feb 23;22(2):430-443. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnaa417. PMID: 33496787. 

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Nyayapati P, Booker J, Wu PI, Theologis A, Dziesinski L, O'Neill C, Zheng P, Lotz JC, Matthew RP, Bailey JF. Compensatory biomechanics and spinal loading during dynamic maneuvers in patients with chronic low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2022 Jul;31(7):1889-1896. doi: 10.1007/s00586-022-07253-4. Epub 2022 May 20. PMID: 35604457; PMCID: PMC9252943.

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​Ornowski J, Dziesinski L, Hess M, Krug R, Fortin M, Torres-Espin A, Majumdar S, Pedoia V, Bonnheim NB, Bailey JF. Thresholding approaches for estimating paraspinal muscle fat infiltration using T1- and T2-weighted MRI: Comparative analysis using water-fat MRI. JOR Spine. 2023 Dec 1;7(1):e1301. doi: 10.1002/jsp2.1301. PMID: 38222819; PMCID: PMC10782057.

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Patel A, Kondapavulur S, Umbach G, Chan AK, Le VP, Bisson EF, Bydon M, Chou D, Glassman SD, Foley KT, Shaffrey CI, Potts EA, Shaffrey ME, Coric D, Knightly JJ, Park P, Wang MY, Fu KM, Slotkin J, Asher AL, Virk MS, Haid RW, Gottfried O, Meyer S, Upadhyaya CD, Tumialán LM, Turner JD, Mummaneni PV. Greater improvement in Neck Disability Index scores in women after surgery for cervical myelopathy: an analysis of the Quality Outcomes Database. Neurosurg Focus. 2023 Nov;55(5):E7. doi: 10.3171/2023.8.FOCUS23423. PMID: 37913530.

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Selvam R, Lim IHY, Lewis JC, Lim CH, Yap MKK, Tan HS. Selecting antibacterial aptamers against the BamA protein in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by incorporating genetic algorithm to optimise computational screening method. Sci Rep. 2023 May 10;13(1):7582. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-34643-5. PMID: 37164985; PMCID: PMC10170454.

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Sollmann N, Bonnheim NB, Joseph GB, Chachad R, Zhou J, Akkaya Z, Pirmoazen AM, Bailey JF, Guo X, Lazar AA, Link TM, Fields AJ, Krug R. Paraspinal Muscle in Chronic Low Back Pain: Comparison Between Standard Parameters and Chemical Shift Encoding-Based Water-Fat MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2022 Mar 14:10.1002/jmri.28145. doi: 10.1002/jmri.28145. Epub ahead of print. PMCID: PMC9470775.

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Sollmann N, Fields AJ, O'Neill C, Nardo L, Majumdar S, Chin CT, Tosun D, Han M, Vu AT, Ozhinsky E, Shah LM, Harris RE, Lobo R, Anderst W, Herzog R, Psioda MA, Standaert CJ, Price RT, Lotz JC, Link TM, Krug R. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine-recommendations for acquisition and image evaluation from the BACPAC Spine Imaging Working Group. Pain Med. 2022 Sep 7:pnac130. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnac130. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36069660.

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​Strigo IA, Kadlec M, Mitchell JM, Simmons AN. Identification of group differences in predictive anticipatory biasing of pain during uncertainty: preparing for the worst but hoping for the best. Pain. 2024 Aug 1;165(8):1735-1747. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003207. Epub 2024 Mar 15. PMID: 38501988; PMCID: PMC11247452.

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Strigo IA, Keltner JR, Ellis RJ, Simmons AN. Association of painful human immunodeficiency virus distal sensory polyneuropathy with aberrant expectation of pain relief: functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence. Brain Commun. 2021 Oct 30;3(4):fcab260. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab260. PMID: 34859214; PMCID: PMC8633742.

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Strigo IA, Simmons AN, Giebler J, Schilling JM, Moeller‑Bertram T. Unsupervised learning for prognostic validity in patients with chronic pain in transdisciplinary pain care. Scientific Reports. 

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Strigo IA, Spadoni AD, Simmons AN. Understanding Pain and Trauma Symptoms in Veterans From Resting-State Connectivity: Unsupervised Modeling. Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2022 May 10;3:871961. doi: 10.3389/fpain.2022.871961. PMCID: PMC9127988.

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Toor T, Murphy E, Simmons AN, Palyo S, Librodo SC, Strigo IA. Craving of prescription opioids among veterans with chronic pain. Pain. 2022 Oct 1;163(10):2021-2030. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002598. Epub 2022 Jan 28. PMCID: PMC9329486.

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Toor T, Palyo S, Schopmeyer K, Simmons AN, Strigo IA. Exploring the effects of fitbit incentive on treatment outcomes in veterans undergoing intensive pain rehabilitation program. J Patient Rep Outcomes. 2024 Apr 9;8(1):42. doi: 10.1186/s41687-024-00721-z. PMID: 38592366; PMCID: PMC11003939.

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Torres-Espin A, Keller A, Johnson GTA, Fields AJ, Krug R, Ferguson AR, Hargens AR, O'Neill CW, Lotz JC, Bailey JF. Using hierarchical unsupervised learning to integrate and reduce multi-level and multi-paraspinal muscle MRI data in relation to low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2022 Aug;31(8):2046-2056. doi: 10.1007/s00586-022-07169-z. Epub 2022 Mar 25. PMID: 35333958; PMCID: PMC9338899.

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Wang L, Han M, Wong J, Zheng P, Lazar AA, Krug R, Fields AJ. Evaluation of human cartilage endplate composition using MRI: Spatial variation, association with adjacent disc degeneration, and in vivo repeatability. J Orthop Res. 2021 Jul;39(7):1470-1478. doi: 10.1002/jor.24787. Epub 2020 Jul 7. PMID: 32592504; PMCID: PMC7765737.

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​Wilson L, Denham A, Ionova Y, O'Neill C, Greco CM, Hassett AL, Hanmer J, Shaikh S, M W, Bervin S, Williams D, Ma Y, Lotz J, Zheng P. Preferences for Risks and Benefits of Treatment Outcomes for Chronic Low Back Pain: Choice-Based Conjoint Measure Development and Discrete Choice Experiment. PM R. 2023 Dec 1. doi: 10.1002/pmrj.13112. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38040670.

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Wilson L, Zheng P, Ionova Y, Denham A, Yoo C, Ma Y, Greco CM, Hanmer J, Williams DA, Hassett AL, Scheffler AW, Valone F, Mehling W, Berven S, Lotz J, O'Neill C. CAPER: Patient Preferences to Inform Non-Surgical Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain (cLBP): A Discrete Choice Experiment. Pain Med. 2023 Mar 28:pnad038. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnad038. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36975607.

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Yang E, Mummaneni PV, Chou D, Bydon M, Bisson EF, Shaffrey CI, Gottfried ON, Asher AL, Coric D, Potts EA, Foley KT, Wang MY, Fu KM, Virk MS, Knightly JJ, Meyer S, Park P, Upadhyaya CD, Shaffrey ME, Buchholz AL, Tumialán LM, Turner JD, Michalopoulos GD, Sherrod BA, Agarwal N, Haid RW, Chan AK. Cervical laminoplasty versus laminectomy and posterior cervical fusion for cervical myelopathy: propensity-matched analysis of 24-month outcomes from the Quality Outcomes Database. J Neurosurg Spine. 2023 Aug 11;39(5):671-681. doi: 10.3171/2023.6.SPINE23345. PMID: 37728378.

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Zheng P, Ewing S, Tang A, Black D, Hue T, Lotz J, Peterson T, Torres-Espin A, O'Neill C. Predictors of response in PROMIS-global in a chronic low back pain specialty clinic: STarTBack and chronic overlapping pain conditions. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2024;37(4):909-920. doi: 10.3233/BMR-230067. PMID: 38427463.

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Zhou J, Damasceno PF, Chachad R, Cheung JR, Ballatori A, Lotz JC, Lazar AA, Link TM, Fields AJ, Krug R. Automatic Vertebral Body Segmentation Based on Deep Learning of Dixon Images for Bone Marrow Fat Fraction Quantification. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Sep 2;11:612. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00612. PMID: 32982989; PMCID: PMC7492292.

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REACH faculty have broad expertise in their specific areas of research focus. Below we have highlighted some of their published work, as well as articles that may be of interested to the lower back pain community at large. 

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Bailey JF, Fields AJ, Ballatori A, et al. The Relationship Between Endplate Pathology and Patient-reported Symptoms for Chronic Low Back Pain Depends on Lumbar Paraspinal Muscle Quality. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2019;44(14):1010‐1017. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000003035

 

Chan AK, Bisson EF, Bydon M, et al. A comparison of minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion and decompression alone for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Neurosurg Focus. 2019;46(5):E13. doi:10.3171/2019.2.FOCUS18722

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Chan AK, Bisson EF, Bydon M, et al. Laminectomy alone versus fusion for grade 1 lumbar spondylolisthesis in 426 patients from the prospective Quality Outcomes Database. J Neurosurg Spine. 2018;30(2):234–241. doi:10.3171/2018.8.SPINE17913

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Ghogawala Z, Shaffrey CI, Asher AL, Heary RF, Logvinenko T, Malhotra NR, Dante SJ, Hurlbert RJ, Douglas AF, Magge SN, Mummaneni PV, Cheng JS, Smith JS, Kaiser MG, Abbed KM, Sciubba DM, Resnick DK. The efficacy of lumbar discectomy and single-level fusion for spondylolisthesis: results from the NeuroPoint-SD registry: clinical article. J Neurosurg Spine. 2013 Nov;19(5):555-63. doi: 10.3171/2013.7.SPINE1362. Epub 2013 Sep 6.

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Lotz JC, Fields AJ, Liebenberg EC. The role of the vertebral end plate in low back pain. Global Spine J. 2013;3(3):153‐164. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1347298

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Krug R, Joseph GB, Han M, Fields A, Cheung J, Mundada M, Bailey J, Rochette A, Ballatori A, McCulloch CE, McCormick Z, O'Neill C, Link TM, Lotz J. Associations between vertebral body fat fraction and intervertebral disc biochemical composition as assessed by quantitative MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2019.

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Mummaneni PV, Whitmore RG, Curran JN, Ziewacz JE, Wadhwa R, Shaffrey CI, Asher AL, Heary RF, Cheng JS, Hurlbert RJ, Douglas AF, Smith JS, Malhotra NR, Dante SJ, Magge SN, Kaiser MG, Abbed KM, Resnick DK, Ghogawala Z. Cost-effectiveness of lumbar discectomy and single-level fusion for spondylolisthesis: experience with the NeuroPoint-SD registry. Neurosurg Focus. 2014 Jun;36(6):E3. doi: 10.3171/2014.3.FOCUS1450.

 

Than KD, Curran JN, Resnick DK, Shaffrey CI, Ghogawala Z, Mummaneni PV. How to predict return to work after lumbar discectomy: answers from the NeuroPoint-SD registry. J Neurosurg Spine. 2016 Aug;25(2):181-6. doi: 10.3171/2015.10.SPINE15455. Epub 2016 Mar 18. PMID: 26989977 Clinical Trial​